ABSTRACT
para llevar a cabo esta investigación, se revisó la literatura sobre el caso de Terri Schiavo, paciente que se encontraba en estado vegetativo persistente y quien falleció luego de dos semanas, después de que se le suspendiera su alimentación e hidratación; se validó su diagnóstico y se indagó si fue una paciente terminal, así como también se verificó la evidencia disponible, en relación con la hidratación y nutrición artificial en este tipo de pacientes, para determinar la concordancia de estas medidas. Esta información fue analizada desde la perspectiva nutricional y bioética; en la búsqueda bibliográfica se consultaron las bases de datos Scopus, Scielo y PubMed, con los criterios de búsqueda nutrición e hidratación artificial en pacientes terminales y de pronóstico incierto. Estos hallazgos fueron analizados con el modelo de proporcionalidad terapéutica de Calipari. Por lo anterior, se determinó que la nutrición e hidratación artificial configuraban tratamientos de carácter obligatorio u optativo para Terri. Sin embargo, pese a que no existe información concluyente sobre la nutrición e hidratación artificial en pacientes terminales, ni de pronóstico incierto, se recomienda la evaluación caso a caso de parte del equipo médico, para determinar la proporcionalidad de estos procedimientos en conjunto con el paciente y su familia. Cabe resaltar que son necesarios más estudios para proporcionar mejor evidencia que permita contar con elementos objetivos para una mejor toma de decisiones.
to carry out this research, the literature was reviewed on the case of Terri Schiavo, a patient who was in a persistent vegetative state and who died after two weeks, after her nutrition and hydration were suspended; her diagnosis was validated, and it was investigated whether she was a terminal patient, as well as the available evidence, was verified, in relation to artificial hydration and nutrition in this type of patients to determine the concordance of these measures. This information was analyzed from the nutritional and bioethical perspective; in the bibliographic search, the Scopus, Scielo, and PubMed databases were consulted with the search criteria nutrition and artificial hydration in terminal patients and patients with uncertain prognosis; these findings were analyzed with Calipari's therapeutic proportionality model. Therefore, it was determined that artificial nutrition and hydration are mandatory or optional treatments for Terri. However, there is no conclusive information on artificial nutrition and hydration in terminally ill patients, nor is the prognosis uncertain, and a case-by-case evaluation by the medical team is recommended to determine the proportionality of artificial nutrition and hydration, together with the patient and family. It should be emphasized that more studies are needed to provide better evidence to provide objective elements for better decision-making.
Para realizar esta pesquisa, foi revisada a literatura sobre o caso de Terri Schiavo, paciente que se encontrava em estado vegetativo persistente e que faleceu após duas semanas depois de sua alimentação e hidratação terem sido suspensas. Foi avaliado seu diagnóstico e questionado se foi uma paciente terminal, bem como verificada a evidência disponível quanto à hidratação e à nutrição artificiais nesse tipo de pacientes para determinar a concordância dessas medidas. Essa informação foi analisada sob a perspectiva nutricional e bioética; na busca bibliográfica, foram consultadas as bases de dados Scopus, SciELO e PubMed, com os critérios de busca "nutrição e hidratação artificiais em pacientes terminais e de prognóstico incerto". Esses achados foram analisados com o modelo de proporcionalidade terapêutica de Calipari. Assim, foi determinado que a nutrição e a hidratação artificiais configuram tratamentos de caráter obrigatório ou opcional para Terri. Contudo, não existe informação conclusiva sobre a nutrição e a hidratação artificiais em pacientes terminais, nem em pacientes com prognóstico incerto. É recomendada a avaliação por parte da equipe médica caso a caso para determinar a adequação da nutrição e da hidratação artificiais em conjunto com o paciente e sua família. Cabe ressaltar que mais estudos são necessários para proporcionar melhor evidência que permita contar com elementos objetivos para uma melhor tomada de decisões.
ABSTRACT
The demand for hospice services as well as for ‘well-dying’ of terminal patients is increasing as patient financial burden is decreasing due to National Health Insurance coverage for hospice care. Hospice institutions utilize interdisciplinary teams comprising doctors, nurses, dietitians, and other health staffs to provide comprehensive patient management. This report examined the nutritional status of a hospice patient from admission to death as well as the nutrition management of this patient in the hospice ward through nutrition interventions performed by a dietitian in the interdisciplinary team. The patient in the present case was a 74-year-old man diagnosed with pancreatic head cancer who died after 26 days of hospice care following transfer from the general ward. During hospice care, the dietitian monitored the patient's nutritional status and performed 8 nutrition interventions, but his oral intake decreased as the patient's symptoms worsened. The average energy intake rates were 30% and 17% of required rates for oral and artificial nutrition, respectively. In line with a report suggesting that the main focus of nutrition in palliative care should be on improving the quality of life and reducing worry in patients, rather than aggressive nutritional management, there is a need for nutrition interventions that are personalized to individual patients by monitoring progress and offering continuous counseling from the time of admission. In addition, further studies such as comparative analysis of nutritional management in Korean hospice ward will be needed for better nutrition management for terminally ill patients.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Counseling , Energy Intake , Head and Neck Neoplasms , Hospice Care , Hospices , National Health Programs , Nutritional Status , Nutritionists , Palliative Care , Patients' Rooms , Quality of Life , Terminally IllABSTRACT
Persistent vegetative state (PVS) is a chronic neurological disorder of consciousness, in which patients appear to be awake, but show no behavioural evidence of awareness. It cannot be diagnosed with certainty and misdiagnosis is very frequent. Its management has become one of the most controversial and emotive issues in medical ethics and medical law over the past few decades. The results of recent neuroimaging studies along with well-documented reports of significant late recovery of some PVS patients have challenged the long-held view that restoration of function in the severely traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is not possible. Some clinicians believe that PVS is a misused term with the potential consequences of withdrawal and withholding of care, and tendency towards less aggressive management. Further naming these patients as “vegetative” has been misinterpreted by many groups that the patient is no more a human but “vegetable” like. Recently there has been an attempt to replace PVS by new, more appropriate name "Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome" (UWS). As opposed to brain death, PVS is not recognized by statute as death in any legal system. The context within which end of life decisions are being made for these patients has led to outrage especially if decisions were made to terminate hydration and nutrition. We present a case of young boy who is in a PVS following TBI with the aim to review some of the contemporary issues regarding their management.